when he says that justification is not by “the works of the law.” On point (1) there actually is not too much disagreement among the Reformers. The Reformers insist that the phrase refers to the whole law, that is, to the characteristic Jewish insistence on the swathing of the entirety of life in obedience to divine commandments. However, on point (2), when they exegete the texts where Paul uses the phrase, they always find his target to be works-righteousness. Chester thinks this exegesis ignores